Narrative text

Cindelaras

     Raden Putra was the king of Jenggala kingdom. He had a beautiful queen and concubine. Unlike the queen, the concubine had bad personalities. She was envious and jealous with the queen, so she planned to make the queen leave the palace. The concubine then asked the royal healer to help her in her plan. One day, the concubine pretended to be ill. Raden Putra called the royal healer to give the concubine treatments. “What is the disease?” Raden Putra asked to the royal healer. “I’m very sorry, my majesty. She is sick because the queen put poison in her meal,” the Royal healer lied.

     Raden Putra was shock and angry to hear the explanation. He called the queen and asked her if the story was true. Of course the queen denied, but Raden Putra won’t listen. “Please Your Majesty, have mercy. I really did’n do anything,” cried the queen in her tears. Raden Putra’s anger ended in a decision. The queen should be banished to the woods and terminated. He did not know that the queen was already pregnant. Raden Putra commanded one of his general to do the punishment. The queen was banished to the woods, but the wise general didn’t have the heart to kill her. He built a simple house in the woods for her. On this way to the palace, he smeared his sword with rabbit blood, so Raden Putra would believed that he had killed the queen.

     After the general left, the queen lived by herself in the woods. Several months later, she gave birth to a healty baby boy. The baby was named Cindelaras. He grew up as a nice, healthy, and handsome boy. One day, when Cindelaras helped her mother to collect some fire woods, an eagle dropped an egg. Cindelaras brought the egg to b brooded by a chicken behind their house. The egg hatced into chick and then it slowly became a strong rooster. The rooster is no ordinary rooster. The rooster could sing. Every morning, the rooster woke Cindelaras up with its beautifull song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.” The rooster often sang that song.

       Cindelaras always woke up early in the morning and listen happily to is rooster’s song. He didn’t realize the meaning of the song until one day, he started to think. “Who is Raden Putra?” he asked his mother. The queen then told him the whole story. She also told him why they were banned from the kingdom and lived in the woods. Cindelaras was very surprised. He decided to go to the palace to meet the king, his father. Cindelaras asked her mother’s permission to go to the kingdom and to tell the king what really happened. He also brought his rooster that grew bigger and stronger each day.

      On his way, Cindelaras stopped at a village. There, he met some people who were involved in cockfighting. They challenge him to see how strong his rooster was. “if your rooster wins, you’ll get a reward,” said the man who challenged him. Cindelaras accepted the challenge. In a few minutes, his rooster defeated the opponent’s rooster. He was challenged again by other man, and more time, his rooster won. He won again and again.

      The news about cindelaras’ rooster quickly spread to the whole Jenggala kingdom and made Raden Putra curious. So, he invited Cindelaras to the palace. “What is your name, boy?” Raden Putra asked as Cindelaras arrived in the palace. “My name is Cindelaras, Your Majesty,” Cindelaras answered. He felt both thrilled and happy to see Raden putra.

      Raden putra challenged Cindelaras with one condition. If Raden Putra’s rooster won, cindelaras’ head would be cut off. But if Cindelaras’ rooster won, Raden Putra would share half of his wealth. Cindelaras accepted the condition. The competition was held in the front yard of the palace. The two roosters fought bravely. But in just a few minutes, Cindelaras’ rooster won the fight! Raden Putra shook his head and stared at Cindelaras from his seat, “That rooster is not ordinary rooster, and the boy is not ordinary boy either. Who is he exactly?” he thought. Raden Putra was about to asked when suddenly Cindelaras’ rooster sang the song, “My master is cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of raden Putra.”

      Raden Putra was surprised. “Is it true?” he asked. “Yes, Majesty. My name is Cindelaras and my mother was the queen,” said Cindelaras. Raden Putra called the general who had banished the queen. The general then confessed that he never killed the queen. Later, the royal healer also admitted his mistake. Raden Putra was so shocked. He immediately went to the woods to pick up the queen. Ever since, Cindelaras and his parents lived happily together. As for the concubine, she was sent to the jail as punishment.


(source: narrative text book for children)

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Laki-laki tua berpeluang menghasilkan anak cacat..... Benarkah???

              Pada umumnya, ibu sering menjadi tertuduh pada saat ia melahirkan bayi penyandang cacat atau pengidap penyakit keturunan. Sebaliknya, si bapak praktis terhindar dari gu jingan dan selalu dianggap subur yang mampu menjadi bapak dari anak anak sehat, bahkan sampai usia senja. Akhir akhir ini banyak bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa laki laki merupakan sumber dari sebagian besar mutasi genetika baru, bukan perempuan. Oleh karena itu, muncul hipotesis bahwa laki laki bertanggung jawab atas mayoritas penyakit bawaan yang secara sepintas tidak jelas asal usulnya. Hal tersebut terjadi karena semakin tua usia laki laki, maka semakin tinggi peluang mutasi genetic spermanya.

                Kekeliruan bawaan sel sperma belum banyak mendapat perhatian dari para ahli. “ini merupakan subjek yang selama ini tidak begitu mendapat perhatian,”kata Dr. James Crow, ahli genetika Universitas Wisconsin, Madison, Amerika Serikat.

Sekitar setengah abad silam, (1950-an), J.B.S. Haldane (ahli genetika asal Skotlandia) menduga bahwa kasus hemophilia yang baru muncul di tengah keluarga yang sebelumnya tidak mencatat sejarah penyakit demikian, agaknya merupakan hasil penyimpangan genetika yang bersumber dari sel sperma, bukan sel telur. Dasar pemikirannya adalah sel telur telah terbentuk penuh selama pengembangan janin dan tidak lagi mengalami pembagian sel lanjut setelah lahir, sedangkan sel kelamin moyang akan mencikal bakali sperma laki laki akan terus berbagi sepanjang hidup seseorang. Semakin banyak pembagian sel tersebut, semakin besar peluang muutasi titik bisa terjadi saat kromosom berduplikasi.

Baru-baru ini, para ilmuwan berhasil memperihatkan bahwa gen-gen pada kromosom Y yang hanya dimonopoli laki-laki ternyata memiliki laju lebih cepat dibandingkan gen-gen pada kromoson X. para ilmuwan menaksir bahwa laju mutasi genetika dalam sel-sel sperma enam kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dalam sel telur. Kesenjangan laju mutasi makin melebar seiring dengan pertambahan usia. Makin uzur laki-laki, makin sering sel-sel moyang sperma mengalami pembelahan dan makin tinggi kemungkinan mutasi titik yang kemungkinan tertumpuk dalam kromosom. Misalnya, pada usia 13 tahun saat bocah laki-laki biasanya mulai memproduksi sperma, sel-sel kelaminnya telah berbagi sekitar 36 kali dan 23 kali setahun sesudahnya. Pada usia 20 tahun, sel sperma mengalami replikasi 200 kali, usia 30 tahun lebih kurang 430 kali, dan usia 45 tahun kira-kira 770 kali.

Bukti statistic menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki yang menjadi bapak pada usia lebih tua makin berpeluang menghasilkan anak penyandang cacat lahir, dibandingkan laki-laki lebih belia. Misalnya, bapak lebih tua menghadapi peningkatan resiko memiliki anak penyandang dwarfisme endroplastik, sindrom marsfan, atau miositis osifikan.

Bagaimana dengan kaum ibu? Menjadi ibu pada usia lebih tua masih berisiko melahirkan bayi cacat lahir. Bedanya, bukan dikaitkan dengan mutasi titik, tetapi kesalahan replikasi seluruh kroosom contohnya, sindrom down. Crow menambahkan, cacat kromosomal skala besar mudah dideteksi dalam tes perkelahiran sehingga masih mungkin untuk diantisipasi. Sebaliknya, sebagian besar mutasi titik sampai sekarang sulit didiagnosis secara dini sehingga baru diketahui saat bayi dilahiran. “saya kira kita dapat mengeliminasi mutasi pada manusia jika kaum laki-laki bereproduksi pada usia muda atau ingin memiliki anak belakangan, simpan saja spermanya yang massih muda dalam nitrogen,” sarannya.

Sumber: www.kompas.com dengan sedikit perubahan.
                Buku BIOLOGi 3 SMA/MA kelas 3